In the gravitational potential , a regular noncircular bound orbit requires and has with . Each radial period advances the angle by . The full position and velocity return after finitely many radial periods precisely when is rational. Irrational gives a dense rosette on the two-frequency invariant torus. Rationality permits a fifth orbit label fixing the apsidal phase on that resonant angular momentum family, but does not give global superintegrability for all nearby angular momenta. When , every regular bound Kepler orbit is closed and the Laplace-Runge-Lenz vector supplies the globally defined additional integral.
Articles by others on the same topic
There are currently no matching articles.