For metric , set and use the physical magnetic field . At critical coupling, define . The identity completes the energy into nonnegative squares plus half the magnetic flux and half the current boundary integral. For unit-magnitude vacuum boundary data, the combined boundary contribution is , since there. In the more restrictive covariantly decaying sector the current integral separately vanishes and the flux is . Equality for positive requires and . The factor appears instead if the symbol denotes the coordinate component .
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