A crossover design assigns each subject a sequence of treatments in successive periods. Subject blocking can reduce between-subject variation; balanced sequences can separate treatment from period effects. A carryover effect or irreversible change can invalidate a simple within-subject comparison.
A carryover effect is an effect of a previous treatment on a later response. Balanced transitions help prevent a treatment from being preceded disproportionately by one particular alternative, but do not ensure that carryover effects vanish or are separately identifiable in every model.
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