Differential of the third kind

A meromorphic one-form on a compact Riemann surface with only simple poles is a differential of the third kind. Prescribed residues can be realized exactly when their sum is zero: in the residue exact sequence for $K_C(S)$, the obstruction in $H^1(C,K_C)\cong \mathbb{C}$ is the sum of residues. Subtracting a holomorphic differential form normalizes its $a$-periods. Integer residues and periods in $2\pi i\mathbb{Z}$ make the exponential of its integral a single-valued meromorphic function with those orders of zeros and poles.