Egon Pearson developed the theory of statistical hypothesis testing with Jerzy Neyman. Their framework distinguishes controlling type I error under a null hypothesis from maximizing statistical power against a specified alternative hypothesis. University College London's institutional history identifies this collaboration as a central contribution.[ref]
https://www.ucl.ac.uk/mathematical-physical-sciences/statistics-old/department-information/our-early-history. Departmental history, Egon Pearson and collaboration with Neyman
The Neyman-Pearson lemma makes the tradeoff precise for two simple hypotheses with densities and . At a fixed allowed type I error, the most powerful test rejects where the likelihood ratio is largest, with boundary randomization if needed. To see the principle, compare its test function with another admissible : the product is nonpositive pointwise. Integrating and using the size constraint shows that cannot have greater statistical power.
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Egon Pearson was a notable British statistician known for his contributions to the field of statistics and for developing statistical methods. He was born on August 11, 1895, and died on December 7, 1980. He is most famous for formulating the Pearson-Volume theorem and contributing to the development of what is now known as the "Pearson correlation coefficient," which measures the strength and direction of association between two continuous variables.