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A researcher who coauthored comparisons of chimpanzee performance in knowledge–ignorance and false-belief tasks. Matched competitive situations helped distinguish success on one task from evidence for the other capacity.^[ref]

A developmental psychologist who studied how wording influences children’s false-belief task performance. Experiments with Karen Beattie asked where an uninformed character would look first, making the intended initial search explicit. The work connects theory of mind measurement to children’s interpretation of a conversational question.^[ref]

A developmental psychologist who tested whether task demands mask young children’s false-belief understanding. Experiments reduced processing demands in a traditional false-belief task, including picture-book procedures. Success under the modified conditions illustrates why failure on one verbal task cannot be interpreted without considering its language, human memory and response demands.^[ref]