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An experimental physicist whose work helped make broad treatment fields for proton therapy. His 1977 study describes spreading a narrow proton beam by multiple scattering, blocking part of its central intensity peak, and scattering again to fill the profile. The resulting flatter absorbed dose distribution makes a useful field cover a larger region rather than concentrating the beam at its center. This is an example of designing the beam-delivery apparatus around the intended dose pattern.^[ref]