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For coordinates $x^{\mu }=(ct,x,y,z)$, the four-gradient of a scalar field is its covector of coordinate derivatives. Under a constant Lorentz transformation, ${\partial }_{\mu }^{\prime }=({\Lambda }^{-1}{)}^{\nu }{}_{\mu }{\partial }_{\nu }$. In metric signature $(+,-,-,-)$, raising its index gives ${\partial }^{\mu }=(c^{-1}{\partial }_t,-\nabla )$. Contracting it with a four-vector field produces the Lorentz scalar four-divergence. In particular ${\partial }_{\mu }{J}^{\mu }=0$ is charge continuity in every inertial frame.

Take $x^{\mu }=(ct,x,y,z)$ and metric signature $(+,-,-,-)$. The four-current, four-potential and four-gradient areThe first two transform as contravariant four-vectors under an inertial-frame Lorentz transformation, within a consistently transformed electromagnetic gauge. The lowered-index gradient is a covector. Their contraction is a Lorentz scalar:Indeed, $J^{\prime \mu }={\Lambda }^{\mu }{}_{\nu }{J}^{\nu }$ and ${\partial }_{\mu }^{\prime }=({\Lambda }^{-1}{)}^{\alpha }{}_{\mu }{\partial }_{\alpha }$, so the two matrices cancel in the contraction. Local charge conservation in one inertial frame implies local charge conservation in every inertial frame. Integrating over a region gives the charge change equal to minus its outward current flux; global conserved charge requires no flux through the system boundary.