Creation of an additional inherited copy of a gene. Copies can be lost, retain shared functions, undergo subfunctionalization, or undergo neofunctionalization; duplication alone does not guarantee a useful novelty.
Duplication of the full genomic complement. gene loss, subfunctionalization and neofunctionalization can obscure the original duplicated organization.
The hypothesis that two early large-scale duplication rounds contributed to the multiple paralogous genomic regions of jawed vertebrates. Hox clusters are one informative set of loci; a single family does not by itself establish genome-wide duplication.
Creation of adjacent copies of a gene or genomic segment. Subsequent divergence can produce a local gene family while preserving aspects of ancestral order.
Gene-family evolution through duplication and retention of some copies and loss or pseudogenization of others.
A relationship between genes arising through duplication. It differs from orthology, which concerns divergence through lineage splitting.
A gene related to another through duplication. Comparing paralogues as if they were orthologues can mislead inference about lineage-specific sequence change.

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