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For an ample line bundle $L$ on a noetherian scheme $X$, every coherent sheaf $F$ becomes a globally generated sheaf after tensoring with $L^{\otimes n}$ for all sufficiently large $n$. Finitely many global sections suffice by finite global generation on a quasi-compact scheme. This is the global-generation characterization of an ample line bundle.^[ref]

For a closed subscheme of projective space, take $L={\iota }^{\ast }\mathcal{O}(1)$. One way to see why twisting helps is to choose finitely many module generators on each standard affine open subscheme. Multiplication by a sufficiently high power of its homogeneous coordinate extends each generator to a global section of a twist. Choose one exponent for all generators. On the original chart that coordinate is invertible, so these extended sections still generate; doing this for every chart proves global generation. Tensoring back by the inverse invertible sheaf gives a surjection from a finite direct sum of sheaves of negative twists onto $F$.

Write ${\mathbb{P}}^r={\mathbb{P}}_k^r$ over its ground field; the argument also works over any Noetherian affine base. Since $\iota$ is a closed immersion, $X$ is a noetherian scheme and a quasi-compact scheme. LetHere the pullback of a sheaf of modules makes $L$ an invertible sheaf, the restriction of the twisting sheaf on projective space. It is an ample line bundle.

By global generation by sufficiently positive twists, choose $n\ge 0$ such that $F(n)$ is a globally generated sheaf. Finitely many global sections suffice: at each point, finite generation of the stalk of the coherent sheaf $F(n)$ lets us select finitely many generating germs of global sections. Those sections generate on a neighbourhood, because their cokernel sheaf is a coherent sheaf with zero stalk at that point. A finite subcover, using that $X$ is a quasi-compact scheme, supplies finitely many global sections generating everywhere. This is finite global generation on a quasi-compact scheme, and gives a surjective sheaf morphism

Tensor with $(L^{\vee }{)}^{\otimes n}$, where $L^{\vee }$ is the dual of a sheaf. Here tensoring with an invertible sheaf is exact: locally the tensor product of sheaves is tensoring with a free module of rank one. Using the permitted identity $L\otimes L^{\vee }\cong {\mathcal{O}}_X$, we obtainA finite direct sum of sheaves of invertible sheaves is a locally free sheaf of finite rank, and it is a coherent sheaf on the noetherian scheme $X$. This constructs the required $G$. No regularity or smoothness assumption on $X$ is needed.

Let $X$ be a separated Noetherian scheme over a field $k$ and $\mathcal{F}$ a coherent sheaf. Coherent cohomology studies the groups $H^q(X,\mathcal{F})$: global sections in degree zero and the obstructions to gluing local sections in higher degrees. Coherence means finite generation locally, and on a Noetherian scheme it is preserved by kernels, cokernels and extensions. This makes coherent sheaves suitable for exact-sequence calculations.

For an ordered open cover $\mathcal{U}=(U_i)$, the Čech cochain groups arewith differentialEach double omission occurs twice with opposite signs, so ${\delta }^2=0$. The Čech cohomology of the cover is ${\check{H}}^q=\ker \delta /\mathrm{im}\delta$, and taking the direct limit over refinements defines cover-independent Čech cohomology. In degree zero the sheaf gluing axiom identifies it with $\Gamma (X,\mathcal{F})$.

The comparison with derived-functor sheaf cohomology is particularly effective algebraically. Positive-degree cohomology of a quasi-coherent sheaf on an affine scheme vanishes. A separated scheme has affine intersections of affine opens, so a finite affine cover is acyclic for $\mathcal{F}$. Its Čech cochain complex consequently computes $H^q(X,\mathcal{F})$ directly. For a short exact sequence of sheaves, sections over each affine intersection are exact on quasi-coherent sheaves. The resulting short exact sequence of Čech complexes gives the long exact sequence in sheaf cohomology. In particular, the connecting map measures the failure of a global section of the quotient to lift globally.

Several central projective results make the theory finite and computable. On a projective variety over $k$, every coherent cohomology group is finite-dimensional. The Grothendieck vanishing theorem gives $H^q(X,\mathcal{F})=0$ for $q>\dim X$. If ${\mathcal{O}}_X(1)$ is ample, Serre vanishing gives $H^{q>0}(X,\mathcal{F}(m))=0$ for sufficiently large $m$, and these large twists are globally generated sheaves. On projective space a coherent sheaf has a finite twisting resolution of a coherent sheaf on projective space: finite sums of $\mathcal{O}(a)$ resolve it. The explicit line-bundle cohomology below and the long exact sequences prove finiteness and positive-twist vanishing. For a closed embedding $i:X\hookrightarrow {\mathbb{P}}^n$, $i_{\ast }\mathcal{F}$ is coherent and $H^q(X,\mathcal{F})=H^q({\mathbb{P}}^n,i_{\ast }\mathcal{F})$, reducing these results to projective space. A sufficiently positive twist of a finite presentation by sums of $\mathcal{O}(-a)$ also proves global generation.

The Euler characteristic of a coherent sheafis therefore defined, and the long exact sequence makes it additive. With a fixed projective embedding, $\chi (X,\mathcal{F}(m))$ is its Hilbert polynomial, and for sufficiently large $m$ it equals $h^0(X,\mathcal{F}(m))$. On a smooth projective variety of dimension $r$, Serre duality gives, for a vector bundle $E$,For an arbitrary coherent sheaf the correct counterpart is $H^q(X,\mathcal{F}{)}^{\ast }\cong {\mathrm{Ext}}_X^{r-q}(\mathcal{F},{\omega }_X)$; replacing this Ext group indiscriminately by the cohomology of the ordinary sheaf dual would lose local extension information.

We now calculate the basic examples. For $n\ge 1$, use the standard cover $U_i=D_{+}(x_i)$ of ${\mathbb{P}}^n$. Sections of $\mathcal{O}(m)$ on an intersection are degree-$m$ Laurent monomials in which negative exponents are allowed only for coordinates inverted on that intersection. Decompose the Čech cochain complex by exponent vectors $(a_0,\dots ,a_n)$ with sum $m$. If no exponent is negative, the corresponding simplex complex contributes only in degree zero. If all exponents are negative, the monomial occurs only on the full intersection and contributes only in degree $n$. When the negative-index set is nonempty and proper, inserting any index outside it gives a contracting homotopy, so the monomial complex is acyclic. Hence the cohomology of twisting sheaves on projective space isIn the top group a basis consists of the Laurent monomials with every exponent at most $-1$. Writing $a_i=-1-b_i$ reduces the count to nonnegative solutions of $\sum b_i=-m-n-1$, giving the displayed binomial coefficient. In particular, all intermediate cohomology vanishes, and ${\omega }_{{\mathbb{P}}^n}=\mathcal{O}(-n-1)$ agrees with Serre duality. For ${\mathbb{P}}^0$ separately, every twist is trivial and $H^0=k$.

On the projective line this givesThus positive and negative degrees produce quite different groups, while their alternating difference is a single polynomial. The twisted cubic is isomorphic to ${\mathbb{P}}^1$ and its hyperplane bundle corresponds to ${\mathcal{O}}_{{\mathbb{P}}^1}(3)$. Consequently $h^0(X,{\mathcal{O}}_X(m))=3m+1$ for $m\ge 0$, agreeing with Q2, and $h^1(X,{\mathcal{O}}_X(m))=\max (-3m-1,0)$.

For a smooth plane curve $C$ of degree $d\ge 1$, the ideal-sheaf sequence of a projective hypersurface isThe long exact sequence in sheaf cohomology and the preceding formula give $H^0(C,{\mathcal{O}}_C)=k$ and $H^1(C,{\mathcal{O}}_C)\cong H^2({\mathbb{P}}^2,\mathcal{O}(-d))$. ThereforeFor $d=1,2$ this is zero; for a plane cubic it is one. Twisting the same exact sequence gives $\chi (C,{\mathcal{O}}_C(m))=dm+1-g$. These examples illustrate how Čech cohomology, vanishing, Serre duality and exact sequences convert local equations into global numerical invariants.