Past exam of the quantum condensed matter course of the University of Cambridge 2013 1 c Solution 2026-10-18
For one isotropic carrier species in the Drude model, the longitudinal electrical resistivity at zero transverse electric current is , and the Hall electrical resistivity has magnitude . Equivalently, the electric field balances the magnetic deflection through , while . Therefore the magnitude of the Hall angle obeysThe required ratio givesThe electron density cancels. With electric current along and field along , Electrons have negative Hall coefficient and hence ; the requested one-percent condition concerns the magnitude. This calculation assumes Electrons dominate transport and the transverse contacts draw no electric current, so a Hall field can develop.
For a single carrier species with positive charge carrier mobility , the Hall coefficient and longitudinal electrical conductivity areTake the electric current density along , magnetic field along , and no transverse current. Then and , giving the Hall angle relationThe sign specifies the electron Hall polarity; the ratio of field magnitudes is . Converting the stated electron mobility to SI gives . ThereforeThis uses the homogeneous single-carrier Drude model; the carrier density cancels.