Dehn presentation Heegaard diagram 2026-10-05
Thicken the planar graph underlying a knot diagram. Its boundary supports a Heegaard diagram with face disks on one side and crossing-tunnel disks on the other. The face generators and crossing curves give a Dehn presentation of a knot group.
Past exam of the mathematics course of the University of Cambridge 2018 iii Paper 141 1 a Solution Created 2026-10-03 Updated 2026-10-05
Use the meridian of a knot and Seifert longitude of the unknot on its boundary torus. The unknot's knot exterior is a solid torus whose disk-bounding curve is . A genus-one Heegaard diagram is thereforeHere the horizontal coordinate is and the vertical coordinate is . The drawing uses a small translate of to avoid intersections on the edge of the square; opposite edges are identified. The algebraic intersection number of curves on an oriented surface has absolute value five.
Starting with , attach a three-dimensional two-handle along , using its surface framing, and cap the resulting sphere with a three-handle. This gives the solid torus on that side. Attach a two-handle along , again using the surface framing, and cap its sphere with a three-handle. The second solid torus has its disk-bounding curve identified with , so the resulting oriented lens space is precisely the specified Dehn filling.
Past exam of the mathematics course of the University of Cambridge 2018 iii Paper 141 3 b Solution Created 2026-10-03 Updated 2026-10-05
Use the region labels and curve orientations from part (a). A Dehn presentation of a knot group generator goes from the basepoint above the projection plane through its region and returns through the unbounded region. Equivalently it is dual to the correspondingly labeled disk of the Heegaard diagram. A crossing relator records the signed intersections of its curve with these disks. Setting givesFor example, the overpassing strand at equates the meridian of a knot words and ; at it equates and . The other two crossings equate with and with .
Choose the region-generator direction so that is the shown meridian of a knot . The Alexander numbering of the regions, starting from zero outside and increasing by one on crossing an oriented strand from right to left, isOne can also obtain this directly by abelianization of the relators: , , , and . The last two imply , and the resulting first homology group is freely generated by . Thus , with no extra torsion.
