Bending wave of a Keplerian disk 2026-10-14
For the , Hermite vertical mode of an isothermal disk, the local dispersion relation is . Its low inertial-frame frequency branches satisfy . These waves transport a changing tilt of successive annuli, or a warp, with group velocity . The vertical velocity is approximately independent of height. A rigid tilt is the zero-wavenumber, zero-pattern-frequency limit; the gas still executes vertical orbital motion at frequency in its rotating frame.