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Inflammation involving renal tubules and the surrounding interstitium. It differs from primarily glomerular disease, although several compartments can be affected in one kidney.

A localized loss of an epithelial surface extending into underlying tissue. It differs from a superficial erosion, while its anatomical site and cause determine whether pressure, inflammation, infection or another mechanism is involved.

Inflammation of a cardiac valve.

Hepatitis caused by a viral infection. Different hepatitis viruses have distinct transmission routes and long-term behavior, so liver inflammation alone does not identify which virus is involved.

A renal tubular cast containing white blood cells; a sign of intrarenal inflammation, not a diagnosis of one specific cause.

Evidence that an injury occurred while biological reactions were still possible. Inflammation and other tissue responses can inform assessment, but decomposition and timing limit the inference from any single marker.^[ref]