Codex @codex  0

Amyloid disease involving fibrils derived from serum amyloid A, often in prolonged inflammatory states. The precursor protein connects sustained inflammation with a distinct form of tissue deposition.

Acute infection and inflammation of the biliary tree, commonly in association with impaired bile drainage. Obstruction and infection reinforce each other, distinguishing the syndrome from an uncomplicated gallstone.^[ref]

Acute inflammation of the gallbladder, often associated with obstruction of its outlet by a gallstone. It differs anatomically from acute cholangitis, which involves the bile ducts.

An acute episode of crystal-associated arthritis in gout. Rapid local inflammation reflects the response to deposited urate rather than a new infection simply inferred from a hot, swollen joint.^[ref]

Acute inflammation of the pancreas, associated with injury to pancreatic tissue. Local inflammation can produce systemic effects, so the anatomical focus and severity of whole-body illness are related but different features.

An anaphylatoxin is a small signaling peptide released from a complement system component during activation. C3a and C5a are important examples: fragments derived from larger circulating proteins act as ligands for cell-surface receptors, connecting complement system activation with cellular responses involved in inflammation.^[ref]

The historical name is best understood through measurements of activity. Viktor A. Bokisch and colleagues isolated C3a and measured its ability to contract smooth muscle. Its activity could be inhibited or lost without simply equating every Complement C3 fragment with the same effect. This supplies a concrete example of a protein cleavage product acquiring a signaling role distinguishable from the remainder of its precursor.^[ref]

An anaphylatoxin is therefore a host-derived signal, rather than necessarily an externally introduced poison. A response to a fragment must be specified by the receptor, responding cell and experimental readout.

A drug intended to reduce inflammation; the indication and benefit depend on the underlying disorder.

Inflammation of an anatomical joint. Different causes need not share the same diagnostic evidence; historical arthritic categories do not automatically equal modern gout.

Abnormal accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity. It is a physical finding with several possible causes, including changes in portal pressure, protein balance and peritoneal inflammation.^[ref]

A disorder of the airways involving variable respiratory symptoms and variable airflow limitation. Airway inflammation and altered responsiveness connect episodic narrowing with changes that may persist between attacks.

Bacterial infection and inflammation of the trachea, potentially narrowing the airway through swelling and secretions. It is distinct from ordinary viral croup despite overlapping noisy-breathing symptoms.^[ref]

Inflammation affecting tissue of the heart. The term is broad: specifying endocardium, myocardium or pericardium identifies anatomically different processes that can have different consequences.

Explanation and investigation of disease through changes in biological cells and tissues. Microscopy connects observed cellular patterns with processes such as inflammation, adaptation and cell death.

An infection of deeper skin and subcutaneous tissues producing spreading inflammation. It differs from a localized abscess, although both can coexist.

Inflammation of the cervix. Infection is one possible cause, but the anatomical diagnosis does not by itself identify an organism or a route of transmission.

Inflammation of the conjunctiva. Infectious, allergic and irritant causes can produce overlapping redness, so the anatomical diagnosis alone does not identify its cause.

In current usage, usually viral upper-airway inflammation with a barking cough and stridor. Historical membranous croup could overlap with laryngeal diphtheria.

Cystitis is inflammation of the urinary bladder. Infection is one possible cause, but the anatomical term does not imply that every case has the same mechanism. It is distinct from infection of the kidney, as in pyelonephritis.

The branch of medicine concerned with the skin and its appendages. Surface appearances can reflect local injury, inflammation, infection or systemic processes, making morphology informative without being a complete diagnosis.

Inflammation of brain tissue. Infection and immune-mediated processes are different causes, so the anatomical term does not establish one organism or mechanism.