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A conservative vector field is the gradient of a single-valued differentiable scalar potential. Its line integral is path independent and equals the potential difference. If $\psi \mathbf{A}=\nabla F$ with a twice continuously differentiable potential, equality of mixed partial derivatives givesThe product rule then gives ${\psi }_y{A}_1+\psi A_{1,y}={\psi }_x{A}_2+\psi A_{2,x}$. Rearranging proves the integrating-factor equation for a planar vector field:This argument does not require division by $\psi$, so it remains valid even at its zeros. A nonvanishing integrating factor is normally sought when one wants to recover useful potential curves for the original field.