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Ludwig Prandtl (1875–1953) was a German physicist and engineer who is often referred to as the father of modern fluid mechanics. He made significant contributions to the understanding of fluid flow, particularly in the areas of boundary layer theory and viscous flow. Prandtl formulated the concept of the boundary layer in 1904, which describes the layer of fluid in the immediate vicinity of a bounding surface where the effects of viscosity are significant.