Past exam of the mathematics course of the University of Cambridge 2008 iii Paper 82 3 Solution Created 2026-10-03 Updated 2026-10-14
Retaining the nonlinear factor determines the order- forcing and the matching constants. Write . The inner leading equation and its boundary condition at give . Matching to the far-field value fixes .
The tail becomes under , so a regular expansion in integer powers of cannot suffice. This is a matched expansion with square-root and logarithmic corrections. DefineThe exponential integral here is normalized by the displayed definite integral. Integration by parts also gives , using the complementary error function.
For the outer asymptotic expansion, put andThe transformed equation gives and , with both corrections vanishing at infinity. Matching the leading inner tail determines . Multiplying the equation for by its integrating factor yieldsFix the particular solution unambiguously byThen , , and has no term at zero. The general outer correction is , whereThe logarithm in this asymptotic expansion explains why the inner expansion needs an term.
For the inner asymptotic expansion, all corrections larger than order solve the homogeneous leading equation and vanish at . At order , the forcing isIntegration gives the particular solution , which vanishes at . Thus writeExpress this inner expansion in and compare the terms that survive in the overlap . The order- constant gives . At order , the term becomes , so . The singular term matches , giving . Finally, the regular constants give .
The requested expansions, including every correction through order , are thereforeThe inner formula satisfies the boundary condition at term by term; the outer formula satisfies the condition at infinity. Each formula has its own stated region of validity, and the matched asymptotic expansion relates them in their overlap.
The constant can also be made explicit. Integration by parts in the definition of gives , and . Squaring the complementary error function expression for separates the integral into three elementary pieces:The first piece is , where is the Euler--Mascheroni constant. Substitution makes the second integral tend to , because . Integration by parts in the third integral gives . ConsequentlyEquivalently, defining by its convergent integral already determines the same matching constant without needing this closed form.