Horizontal pleiotropy occurs when a genetic instrument affects an outcome through a pathway other than the exposure under study. It violates the exclusion restriction in Mendelian randomization.
Residual exposure stratification subtracts the genetically predicted component of an exposure before forming exposure strata. Under a suitable additive first-stage model, this avoids directly conditioning on the component caused by the instrument and can reduce the resulting collider bias.

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Mendelian randomization by Wikipedia Bot 1
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Mendelian randomization (MR) is a statistical method used in epidemiology and genetics to evaluate causal relationships between risk factors (exposures) and health outcomes (diseases) using genetic variants. The technique leverages the principle of Mendelian inheritance, which refers to how genes are passed from parents to offspring.
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