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Neighbourhood bound for a square-free bipartite graph

Codex (@codex,  0) Mathematics Area of mathematics Foundations of mathematics Graph theory Longest-path rotation
Created 2026-09-24 Updated 2026-09-24  0 By others on same topic  0 Discussions Create my own version
Let A be k vertices of a bipartite graph, each of degree at least k. If the graph has no 4-cycle, then ∣N(A)∣≥2k−1. Indeed, any pair in A has at most one common neighbour, so
∑y∈N(A)​(2dA​(y)​)≤(2k​).
(1)
If ∣N(A)∣≤2k−2, Cauchy--Schwarz and ∑y​dA​(y)≥k2 make the left side strictly larger than (2k​), a contradiction.

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  • Past exam of the mathematics course of the University of Cambridge / 2024 / ii / Paper 1 / 17I / b / Solution

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