Nicholas J. Severs is a researcher in cellular ultrastructure whose 2007 freeze-fracture electron microscopy protocol lists an affiliation with the National Heart and Lung Institute at Imperial College London. His methodological work explains how fracture planes reveal the internal organization of cell membranes.[ref]
Freeze-fracture electron microscopy by Nicholas J. Severs. Author affiliation and abstract, Nature Protocols 2, pp.547–576
The protocol freezes a biological specimen, fractures it, deposits platinum and carbon to form a replica, and cleans that replica for transmission electron microscopy. The microscope thus examines a durable record of the exposed surface. Optional removal of ice by sublimation exposes additional relief. This makes preparation a scientific part of the measurement: the observed surface depends on where the specimen fractured and which material the procedure exposed.[ref]
Freeze-fracture electron microscopy by Nicholas J. Severs. Abstract, four preparation stages, etching and planar membrane views
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