Groups of order seventy Created 2026-10-31 Updated 2026-11-05
These are all the groups of group order up to group isomorphism, with denoting a dihedral group of order . The Sylow theorems make the Sylow subgroups of orders five and seven unique: the possible counts divide fourteen and ten, respectively, and only one has the required residue. These normal subgroups of coprime order commute, giving a normal subgroup . Cauchy's theorem for finite groups provides an element of order two outside , so .
The automorphism of a finite cyclic group defining this semidirect product is a unit modulo with . The Chinese remainder theorem makes its restrictions modulo five and seven independently or . The resulting exponents are , giving the four displayed groups in order. Their center of a group orders are , so no two are isomorphic. Every case exists as the specified semidirect product.
Past exam of the mathematics course of the University of Cambridge 2003 ia Paper 3 2B Solution Created 2026-09-24 Updated 2026-10-14
Let be the normal subgroups of orders . Their intersection is a subgroup of both, so Lagrange's theorem makes its order divide both and ; hence . For and , normality shows that belongs to both and . It must be the identity, so . This proves the needed instance of normal subgroups of coprime order commute.
Choose nonidentity and . Their orders are and , since these orders divide the respective prime subgroup orders. If , commutativity gives , so and . Conversely . Thus the product of commuting elements of coprime order gives an element of order .
For the counterexample, take the dihedral group of symmetries of a regular pentagon:Its ten elements are and , . Nonidentity rotations have order , and , so all reflections have order . There is no element of order .
The Sylow theorems also give and . Of , only is congruent to one modulo five. Thus is a normal subgroup of as well.
By Lagrange's theorem, , since its group order divides both and . For and , the group commutator lies in by the normal subgroup property of , and in by the normal subgroup property of . It is therefore the identity element, so all elements of commute with all elements of . This is the fact that normal subgroups of coprime order commute.
The subgroup consequently has elements: the expression is unique because . Since and have prime orders, they are cyclic groups. Write and . The product of commuting elements of coprime order has order , so generates . Finally, is a normal subgroup because both its factors are normal subgroups; equivalently, it has subgroup index two. Therefore