In a 1982 experiment, purified nucleoplasmin was labeled with radioactive iodine and cleaved by proteolysis. Microinjection delivered cargo into Xenopus laevis oocyte cytoplasm. Manually separated cell nuclei and cytoplasm were compared by gel electrophoresis and autoradiography; section autoradiography checked internal localization. Tail-bearing cargo entered the cell nucleus; tailless cores did not. Direct nuclear microinjection retained the cores: the tails mattered for entry, but the assay did not identify a receptor.[ref]
Figure 1.
Changing cargo and injection site separates nuclear entry from retention
. Original qualitative summary of the nucleoplasmin comparisons above. Symbols represent localization, not measured counts or copied source images. Details.
Direct nuclear microinjection bypassed entry, distinguishing failure to enter from failure to remain inside a cell nucleus.

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