The convention relating a procedure's formal parameters to its arguments. Copying a large array at every recursive call can dominate running time, even when the procedure never modifies the argument.
Evaluate argument expressions before invoking a function. A monadic interpreter must also specify the order of those evaluations when its computational monad represents effects.
A parameter initialized from the actual argument's value. Whether passing an aggregate copies all elements or merely a reference is language-dependent; in whole-array copying semantics, a length- argument costs per call. This differs from a language that passes an object reference by value.
A parameter that designates the caller's actual storage, rather than a complete copied value. Read-only algorithms may use reference parameters to avoid copying, while their correctness arguments still prohibit writes. The VAR convention used in Oberon exam pseudocode has this purpose.

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