Past exam of the mathematics course of the University of Cambridge / 2005 / iii / Paper 34 / 2 / b

Take $\Omega =[0,1)$ with its Borel sigma-algebra and Lebesgue measure of total mass one. Let ${\mathcal{F}}_n$ be the finite sigma-algebra generated by the half-open dyadic intervals of length $2^{-n}$. Set $X_0=f(1)-f(0)$ if the indexing begins at one. Each $X_n$ is adapted to this filtration, and if $L$ is a Lipschitz constant of $f$, then $|X_n|\le L$, so every coordinate is integrable.

On a parent interval $[u,u+2^{-n})$, conditional expectation averages the two equally likely child values. Their average isThus $\mathbb{E}[X_{n+1}\mid {\mathcal{F}}_n]=X_n$, establishing the dyadic slope martingale. One can equivalently include $1$ as a separate null atom without changing any probability law.