Past exam of the mathematics course of the University of Cambridge / 2005 / iii / Paper 74 / 1 / i

On the sphere, both cosmic time and the comoving coordinate $r$ are constant. The positive spatial induced metric obtained from the FLRW metric is therefore $d{\ell }^2=a^2{r}^2(d{\theta }^2+{\sin }^2\theta d{\varphi }^2)$. Its area element is the square root of its determinant:Integrating over the spherical coordinates givesThus $ar$ is the areal radius. In a curved spatial slice it need not equal the proper radial distance $a{\int }_0^r(1-k{r}^{\prime 2}{)}^{-1/2}d{r}^{\prime }$; the angular part of the FLRW metric, rather than a Euclidean radial-distance assumption, establishes the surface area.