Past exam of the mathematics course of the University of Cambridge / 2010 / iii / Paper 48 / 1 / c / Solution

Introduce an orthonormal classical label register $X$ and the classical-quantum stateThe blocks have orthogonal supports because their label vectors are orthogonal, regardless of whether the original ${\rho }_i$ have orthogonal supports. Part (a) gives $S(XQ)=H(p)+{\sum }_i{p}_{i}S({\rho }_i)$. The marginals are ${\omega }_X={\sum }_i{p}_i|i⟩⟨i|$ and ${\omega }_Q={\sum }_i{p}_i{\rho }_i$, so $S(X)=H(p)$. Apply the Subadditivity of Von Neumann entropy and cancel $H(p)$:Thus $S({\sum }_i{p}_i{\rho }_i)\ge {\sum }_i{p}_{i}S({\rho }_i)$. This is the Concavity of Von Neumann entropy.