Past exam of the mathematics course of the University of Cambridge / 2012 / iii / Paper 34 / 3 / b

Let $\tau =S_r\wedge T_R$. The stopped logarithm lies between $\log r$ and $\log R$, so the bounded local martingale criterion makes it a true bounded martingale. Also $\tau$ is finite almost surely. Indeed $|B_t{|}^2-2t$ is a martingale, and applying its stopped identity through $t\wedge T_R$ givesmonotone convergence theorem implies $\mathbb{E}{T}_R\le (R^2-1)/2<\infty$, hence $\tau \le T_R<\infty$ almost surely. Boundedness permits dominated convergence theorem in the stopped logarithm as $t\to \infty$. ConsequentlyThe standard results used are Itô's formula, the bounded-local-martingale criterion, the stopped martingale identity at bounded stopping times, and dominated/monotone convergence theorem. At exit the radius is either $r$ or $R$ by continuity. Solving $p\log r+(1-p)\log R=0$ also gives the planar Brownian annulus hitting probability