Past exam of the mathematics course of the University of Cambridge / 2013 / iii / Paper 15 / 4

Fix the curvature conventionTo prove tensoriality, use $[hX,Y]=h[X,Y]-Y(h)X$ and the connection rules. The two $Y(h){\nabla }_{X}Z$ terms cancel, giving $R(hX,Y)Z=hR(X,Y)Z$. Antisymmetry in $X,Y$ gives linearity over smooth functions in the second input. Expanding the third input givesIt is therefore a smooth tensor of type $(1,3)$. Lowering the output with $g$ gives the type $(0,4)$ Riemann curvature tensor $R_4(X,Y,Z,W)=g(R(X,Y)Z,W)$.

For an independent pair $X,Y$, define sectional curvature byMetric compatibility gives $g(R(X,Y)Z,W)=-g(R(X,Y)W,Z)$ by applying $XY-YX-[X,Y]$ to $g(Z,W)$. Together with antisymmetry in $X,Y$, this shows that replacing the pair by $(aX+bY,cX+dY)$ multiplies both numerator and denominator by $(ad-bc{)}^2$. Thus the value depends only on the plane. Define Ricci curvature by $\mathrm{Ric}(Y,Z)={\sum }_{i}g(R(e_i,Y)Z,e_i)$ for any orthonormal basis; a trace is independent of the orthonormal basis.

For the curvature of the round unit sphere, the outward unit normal is the position vector $p$. The tangential projection of ambient differentiation is torsion-free and has metric compatibility, so uniqueness identifies it with $\nabla$. Ambient differentiation $D$ satisfies $D_{X}p=X$ andsince differentiating $g(Y,p)=0$ gives its normal component. The ambient curvature is zero. Take tangential components of $D_X{D}_{Y}Z-D_Y{D}_{X}Z-D_{[X,Y]}Z=0$ to obtainHenceEvery two-plane has sectional curvature one. Tracing the first formula gives $\mathrm{Ric}(Y,Z)=ng(Y,Z)-g(Y,Z)$, and consequentlyThus the sphere is an Einstein manifold. When $n=1$ there are no tangent two-planes, the curvature tensor is zero and the same Ricci formula gives zero. The declared slot convention fixes all signs.