Past exam of the mathematics course of the University of Cambridge / 2015 / iii / Paper 52 / 3 / iv

First, the inverse metric tensor printed in the PDF has a missing factor: its lower-left entry must be $g^{i0}={\alpha }^{-2}{\beta }^i$, symmetric with $g^{0i}$. This correction follows either from symmetry or direct block multiplication and does not change the evolution equation used here.

Let $D_t={\partial }_t-{\beta }^k{\partial }_k$. Contract the spatial metric tensor evolution equation with ${\gamma }^{ij}$. Both shift-gradient terms contribute ${\partial }_k{\beta }^k$, givingThe Jacobi determinant derivative formula applies to every derivative of $\gamma =\det ({\gamma }_{ij})$ and gives $D_t\gamma =\gamma {\gamma }^{ij}{D}_t{\gamma }_{ij}$. Therefore the spatial determinant evolves asEquivalently, the spatial volume evolution identity is $D_t\sqrt{\gamma }=\sqrt{\gamma }({\partial }_k{\beta }^k-\alpha K)$, with $K$ the trace of the extrinsic curvature of a spatial hypersurface.