Past exam of the mathematics course of the University of Cambridge / 2025 / ib / Paper 4 / 16D (Fluid Dynamics)

In the fluid region $y>\eta (x)$, incompressibility and potential flow giveNo penetration through the exact surface gives

The condition $hk\ll 1$ says the hill slope is small; $|\nabla \varphi |\ll U$ says the disturbance velocity is small compared with the background wind. Dropping the product ${\varphi }_x{\eta }_x$ and Taylor-shifting the boundary from $y=\eta$ to $y=0$ therefore givesThe decaying solution is

Bernoulli's equation isTo first order on the surface,ThusEquivalently, crest minus trough is the negative of this. For $k{U}^2/g\ll 1$, hydrostatic elevation dominates; for $k{U}^2/g\gg 1$, the Bernoulli pressure drop caused by faster crest flow dominates.