Past exam of the mathematics course of the University of Cambridge / 2026 / iii / Paper 131 / 4 / a / Solution

A line in a Riemannian manifold is a unit-speed geodesic $\gamma :\mathbb{R}\to M$ that minimizes globally:for all $s,t\in \mathbb{R}$. A connected noncompact manifold is disconnected at infinity if some compact set $K$ has a complement with at least two unbounded connected components.

Choose points $p_j$ and $q_j$ in two such components withThe Hopf-Rinow theorem supplies a length-minimizing geodesic ${\gamma }_j$ from $p_j$ to $q_j$. Its image must meet $K$, since otherwise it would connect the two different components of $M\setminus K$. Reparametrize so that ${\gamma }_j(0)=x_j\in K$. After taking a subsequence, compactness gives $x_j\to x\in K$ and the unit tangent vectors ${\dot{\gamma }}_j(0)$ converge to some unit $v\in T_{x}M$.

Both endpoint parameters tend to infinity because their distances from $K$ do. Smooth dependence of geodesics on initial data therefore makes ${\gamma }_j$ converge on every compact parameter interval to the complete geodesicEvery finite segment of every ${\gamma }_j$ minimizes length. Passing to the limit gives $d_g(\gamma (s),\gamma (t))=|s-t|$, so $\gamma$ is a line.

Solved by gpt-5.6-sol high.