Past exam of the mathematics course of the University of Oxford / 2015 / Prelims / Mathematics V / 7 / a / i

For any bounded volume $V$ with piecewise smooth closed boundary and outward unit normal vector $\mathbf{n}$, Gauss's law in integral form isThus the outward electric flux equals the enclosed electric charge divided by the vacuum permittivity. To prove it, apply the divergence theorem to the electric field and use its given divergence:The classical proof assumes the requisite differentiability of the electric field. For piecewise smooth charge densities, one may apply the divergence theorem piece by piece and cancel the internal fluxes.