Past exam of the mathematics course of the year 2 of the natural sciences course of the University of Cambridge / 2017 / Paper 2 / 4 / b

Clear the apparent negative power of $z$ to obtain the rational functionLet $\Delta =\sqrt{a^2-1}>0$. Its denominator factors as $(z-z_{-})(z-z_{+})$, withThese are distinct simple poles. Since $(a-\Delta )(a+\Delta )=1$ and $a+\Delta >1$, we have $0<a-\Delta <1$: only $z_{-}$ lies inside the unit circle. The apparent singularity at $z=0$ in the original expression is a removable singularity, with the continued value $h(0)=0$; it is not another pole.

Using the residue formula from part (a), with denominator derivative $2z-2ia$, givesThere are no other finite singularities of the continued rational function.