Use a Thévenin equivalent: an ideal voltage source in series with the internal resistance , driving the load .
Figure 1.
Original fixed-temperature-difference equivalent circuit of a thermoelectric generator, with internal and load resistances distinguished
. Details.
The same current flows through both resistances, . The load terminal voltage is , smaller than the open-circuit voltage. The electrical battery symbol represents the maintained thermoelectric source under this model; heat input is still required.

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