Past exam of the optimal transport and partial differential equations course of the University of Oxford / 2025 / 3 / a

SetSymmetry here means $W(-z)=W(z)$, so $\nabla W(0)=0$ and $K(0)=0$. The bounded Hessian matrix and the fact that $J$ is an orthogonal matrix giveThus the particle system is ${\dot{X}}^i=N^{-1}{\sum }_{j}K(X^i-X^j)$. On the configuration space with norm $\Vert X{\Vert }_{\max }={\max }_i|X^i|$, its vector field has Lipschitz constant at most $2L$:The Picard-Lindelöf theorem gives local existence and uniqueness. Linear growth and the Gronwall inequality give $\Vert X(t){\Vert }_{\max }\le e^{2Lt}\Vert X(0){\Vert }_{\max }$, which rules out escape to infinity in finite time and extends the solution to every $t\ge 0$.

The associated empirical measure isHere each ${\delta }_{X^i(t)}$ is a Dirac measure. The finite first absolute moment follows from $\int |x|d{\mu }_t^N=N^{-1}{\sum }_i|X^i(t)|<\infty$. Pairing equal particle labels defines a coupling, soConsequently