Past exam of the radiative processes and high energy astrophysics course of the University of Oxford / 2024 / 3 / c

Neglect electron mass and nuclear binding corrections when converting mass density $\rho$ into hydrogen and helium number densities. With $x=x_H$,The thermal free-free emissivity adds over ion species with weights $Z_i^2$. ConsequentlyWith each Gaunt factor set to one, the mixture hasAt fixed $n_e$, pure hydrogen gives the composition factor $1$, and pure helium gives $2$. The latter check follows independently from $n_{\mathrm{He}}=n_e/2$ and $Z^2=4$; simply replacing $Z$ by an average charge would lose this weighting.