Past exam of the year 1 of the computer science course of the University of Oxford / 2023 / Discrete mathematics, probability and continuous mathematics / 9 / b / iii

For $k\ge 1$, the event $\{\lfloor X\rfloor \ge k\}$ equals $\{X\ge k\}$. Integrating the Pareto distribution's density givesThe mass formula follows by subtracting consecutive tail probabilities, or by integrating over $[k,k+1)$. With the paper's convention $0\in \mathbb{N}$, include the separate endpoint values $\mathbb{P}(\lfloor X\rfloor \ge 0)=1$ and $\mathbb{P}(\lfloor X\rfloor =0)=0$, since $X\ge 1$ almost surely. Substituting $k=0$ into the power expression would be invalid.