A quark-lepton unification framework with conventional minimal gauge group . leptons supply a fourth color charge, and a right-handed neutrino completes each family. fermion masses additionally depend on symmetry breaking and Yukawa couplings.
The charge relation combines left and right weak isospin with the generator distinguishing quarks from leptons inside the extended color charge group.
For the right-handed neutrino, and , so . Its colour-singlet and left-weak-singlet assignments make it sterile under the Standard Model after symmetry breaking.
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The Pati–Salam model is a theoretical framework in particle physics proposed by Rajiv Pati and Abdus Salam in the early 1970s. It is a unification model that aims to unify the electromagnetic, weak, and strong forces, and it extends the gauge group of the Standard Model to include more symmetry.