A phosphine ligand such as donates a phosphorus lone pair. It can also accept pi backbonding into orbitals with substantial P–R antibonding character; phosphorus orbitals need not be essential acceptors. Alkyl substitution generally increases sigma donation relative to electron-withdrawing substituents.
The diphosphine . Chelation to one metal makes a six-membered ring.
The diphosphine . Chelation to one metal makes a five-membered ring.
The diphosphine . Chelation to one metal makes a four-membered metal–P–C–P ring.
1,2-Bis(dimethylphosphino)ethane has the connectivity . Chelation through both phosphorus donors contributes four electrons in ionic electron counting.
The Tolman electronic parameter compares ligand electronic influence using the symmetric CO stretching band of a matched metal-carbonyl probe, classically . Lower frequency commonly indicates greater net electron release into the remaining CO ligands. It combines donation and acceptance and is not a direct measurement of octahedral splitting.

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  1. Ligand in coordination chemistry
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