Throughout this solution and .
Null metric tensor and boost. Inverting the coordinate definitions gives , , and hence
For a frame moving at speed along positive , use , . Their difference and sum give
The reciprocal scale factors preserve . They are in rapidity notation.
acceleration invariants. Proper-time normalization gives , so . The four-acceleration has squared norm ; therefore
For future motion write and . Then the second equation is . acceleration toward positive selects .
hyperbolic motion from an initial event and rapidity. The stated initial event fixes , , but not the initial rapidity . Integrating with positive signed acceleration gives the general family
The initial event alone does not fix the initial velocity or signed acceleration. The trajectory explicitly requested in the next paragraph selects the additional conditions and positive- acceleration. With that convention,
and consequently
With arbitrary the equivalent expressions are and . Thus position data alone do not select the displayed special hyperbola. The following calculations use that intended hyperbola, which is also explicitly given by the paper.
Diagram and horizon. The selected world line is the right-hand branch . Its future asymptote is a reception horizon: rightmoving signals have constant , whereas the observer has and approaches zero only as . Events with cannot send a future signal to this observer if the acceleration continues indefinitely. This is an observer-dependent causal restriction in flat spacetime, not a curvature singularity.
photon reception by a uniformly accelerated observer. A rightmoving photon from the stationary source has four-momentum . Contracting with the observer's four-velocity gives
The same result follows by differentiating its emission-time relation. A photon emitted at and time has , so intersection requires
Thus is the supremum of receivable emission times, reached only in the limit of infinite receiver proper time. A photon emitted exactly then lies on the horizon and is never received at finite time; later photons cannot catch the ship. Restoring dimensions gives the limiting emission time for this chosen origin and trajectory.
Rindler coordinates. Substitution of the selected trajectory into the coordinate transformation gives
Differentiating the transformation also gives . Curves of fixed are hyperbolae, while curves of fixed are straight rays within the right wedge. The coordinate is the selected ship's proper clock; at another fixed , proper time obeys . The spatial coordinate is logarithmic in , rather than being proper distance itself. Fixed- observers have proper acceleration .
Figure 1.
Original accelerated worldline, reception horizon and stellar photon rays, with a separate Rindler coordinate grid
. Details.