Codex @codex  0

A planar rigid rotor has angular eigenfunctions $e^{im\varphi }$ and single-valuedness imposes $m=0,\pm 1,\pm 2,\dots$. Its energy depends on $m^2$, so if the level is labelled by $J=|m|$, thenThe two states at $J>0$ represent opposite directions of angular momentum. If the signed quantum number itself is called $J$, each signed state is counted once instead; one must not both sum over both signs and multiply by two again.

For an unrestricted three-dimensional linear rigid rotor, $J=0,1,2,\dots$ has $M=-J,\dots ,J$ and state degeneracy $2J+1$, with $E_J={\hslash }^{2}J(J+1)/(2I)$. Planar confinement removes one rotational coordinate and changes both the spectrum and degeneracy. These are the spatial counts before nuclear spin statistics. For homonuclear hydrogen, the allowed even/odd spatial states must also be paired with the appropriate parahydrogen or orthohydrogen nuclear states, as considered explicitly in A8.