Intervention intended to reduce new cases or relevant risks before the target disorder develops. A change in knowledge or symptoms is not automatically evidence of fewer first onsets; research must specify baseline diagnostic status and follow-up outcomes.
Prevention targeting people showing early signs or markers without currently meeting the relevant diagnostic threshold. A study enrolling both previously affected and never-affected participants should distinguish recurrence from first onset.
Prevention targeting a group with elevated risk because of shared characteristics or experiences, without requiring each recipient to show early symptoms. Parental bereavement is one example of a selection criterion, not itself a diagnosis.
A preventive program involving caregiver and youth groups after parental death, targeting parenting, coping and adjustment. Trials distinguish changes in symptoms and functioning from uniform prevention of every diagnosis.
Prevention offered to a whole specified population regardless of individually assessed risk. Universal delivery can produce different effects across subgroups and does not imply that every participant has equal risk.
A cognitive-behavioral prevention program studied in school and other settings. A trial with a nonspecific-program comparison found heterogeneous school results and no overall average depressive-symptom benefit in the full sample; program identity alone does not guarantee prevention of disorder.[ref]
School-Based Prevention of Depressive Symptoms by Jane E. Gillham and others. 2007, three-arm trial and school variation
A classroom behavior-management approach using rules, teams and contingent rewards. Preventive field trials test whether changing early classroom behavior affects later outcomes; results depend on population, implementation and follow-up, not only on the program's name.
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