Steven Weinberg Created 2026-10-18 Updated 2026-11-05
Steven Weinberg's 1967 lepton model combined the weak interaction and electromagnetic interaction in a gauge-theory framework. Spontaneous symmetry breaking gives different masses to the weak vector bosons while leaving the photon massless. This joins interactions with very different apparent ranges under a common structure, with their differences arising from the vacuum and couplings. The paper also identifies renormalizability as a crucial consistency question, rather than claiming that all higher-order calculations were already established.[ref]
A Model of Leptons by Steven Weinberg. 1967, opening model, symmetry broken by the vacuum and prospective renormalizability
Portrait of Steven Weinberg
. © 2010 Larry D. Moore; Texas Book Festival, Austin. Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International, as specified on current File page., via Wikimedia Commons. Source.