The Specht module is the augmentation subspace of the natural permutation module , with the standard tabloid bilinear form. Its orthogonal complement in is the constant-vector line. That line lies in the augmentation subspace exactly when the field characteristic divides , giving the displayed radical. Equivalently, the basis has Gram matrix . The James submodule theorem makes every nonzero radical quotient simple, with dimension when and otherwise. The case gives the zero quotient rather than a nonzero simple module.

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