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Use the classically equivalent Polyakov action, fix worldsheet diffeomorphisms and Weyl invariance, and perform a Wick rotation of the string worldsheet. In complex coordinates, the worldsheet ghost action for the closed string isThe worldsheet ghost fields are anticommuting. Their conformal weights are $b:(2,0)$, $c:(-1,0)$ and $\bar{b}:(0,2)$, $\bar{c}:(0,-1)$. The two chiral sectors are counted separately.

In either chiral sector, each embedding coordinate is a free boson conformal field theory with central charge one. For the bc system, putting $J=2$ in $c_{bc}=-2(6J^2-6J+1)$ gives $c_{bc}=-26$. Cancellation of the worldsheet Weyl anomaly requiresThe antiholomorphic sector gives the same equation, rather than doubling the required critical dimension of string theory. This dimension count assumes flat target spacetime with just the embedding fields; more general internal conformal field theories change the matter accounting.

For the spinning string, the worldsheet Majorana fermions have conformal weight $1/2$. At $J=1/2$, the complex anticommuting bc system has $c=1$; a real Majorana spinor contributes half of this. Hence $D$ real worldsheet Majorana fermions contribute $D/2$ per chiral sector. Ramond sector versus Neveu–Schwarz sector changes their mode numbers and vacuum energies, not this local central charge.

The additional local worldsheet supersymmetry has a fermionic gauge parameter, so its superconformal ghosts are commuting fields forming a beta-gamma system, with conformal weights $\beta :3/2$ and $\gamma :-1/2$ in the holomorphic sector. Commuting statistics reverse the sign of the bc system formula, givingTogether with the reparameterization worldsheet ghost fields, their total central charge is $-26+11=-15$. ThusThese cancellations make the string worldsheet gauge symmetries compatible with quantization; in the BRST symmetry formulation they enter the nilpotence condition for the BRST operator.

A closed string sector with left-moving Ramond sector excitations and right-moving Neveu–Schwarz sector excitations. Its spacetime states are fermions. The closed-string level matching condition is $N_L=N_R-1/2$. After the supersymmetric GSO projection, the lowest states have $(N_L,N_R)=(0,1/2)$ and give the other massless gravitino and dilatino of type II string theory.

The closed-string sector with Ramond sector states on both chiral sides. The left and right spinor tensor product describes differential-form gauge fields. Opposite chiralities in type IIA superstring theory give the massless one-form and three-form, with transverse dimensions $8$ and $56$. Same chiralities instead give the type IIB form-field content.

With the standard string oscillator algebra and $G_0={\sum }_m{\alpha }_m\cdot {\psi }_{-m}$, pairing positive and negative modes gives $G_0^2={\alpha }_0^2/2+{\sum }_{m>0}({\alpha }_{-m}\cdot {\alpha }_m+m{\psi }_{-m}\cdot {\psi }_m)$. This is the vacuum-normal-ordered Ramond sector generator $L_0^R$, so $\{G_0,G_0\}=2L_0^R$. Rescaling the superconformal current rescales its square quadratically; its normalization cannot be ignored when comparing it with a fixed Virasoro generator.

A worldsheet operator that changes fermion boundary conditions to the Ramond sector and creates a target spinor state. For $D$ real matter fermions its conformal weight is $D/16$. At $D=10$, combining it with the appropriate superghost factor gives a dimension-one spacetime-supersymmetry current.

A spin structure is a consistent choice of lifting oriented orthonormal frame changes to their spin double cover, permitting globally defined spinor fields. For a spatial circle in a worldsheet, the two choices give periodic and antiperiodic fermions, hence the Ramond sector and Neveu–Schwarz sector. Local field equations do not choose the global spin structure.

A closed superstring theory whose left and right Ramond sector projections have opposite ten-dimensional Majorana-Weyl chiralities. It has 32 real spacetime supercharges and is nonchiral. Its massless fields form type IIA supergravity; the RR gauge potentials have odd degrees, including a one-form and a three-form.

Before the GSO projection, the Neveu–Schwarz sector has string oscillator levels $0,1/2,1,3/2$, with physical multiplicities $1,8,36,128$ in ten-dimensional light-cone gauge in string theory. The eight transverse worldsheet Majorana fermions supply eight single ${\psi }_{-1/2}$ states. Level one has eight ${\alpha }_{-1}$ states and $\left(\genfrac{}{}{0ex}{}{8}{2}\right)=28$ pairs of distinct ${\psi }_{-1/2}$ modes. Level $3/2$ has $8$ single ${\psi }_{-3/2}$ modes, $8\cdot 8$ mixed boson–fermion modes and $\left(\genfrac{}{}{0ex}{}{8}{3}\right)=56$ triples. Their squared masses are respectively $-1/(2{\alpha }^{\prime }),0,1/(2{\alpha }^{\prime }),1/{\alpha }^{\prime }$. In the Ramond sector, the Ramond zero-mode Clifford algebra gives a sixteen-dimensional ground space. At level one, ${\alpha }_{-1}^i$ and ${\psi }_{-1}^i$ each provide $8\cdot 16$ states, hence multiplicities $16,256$ at squared masses $0,1/{\alpha }^{\prime }$. No half-integer Ramond levels occur. The GSO projection keeps odd NS fermion number and one total Ramond chirality, giving $8$ bosons and $8$ fermions at zero mass, then $128$ of each at the first massive level.

Each real chiral fermion has conformal weight $1/2$ and contributes $1/2$ to the central charge. The Ramond sector and Neveu–Schwarz sector differ by periodic versus antiperiodic boundary conditions.