The two-torsion square-class homomorphism on has candidate classes by the prime-support bound in two-isogeny descent. The identity, and realize , so multiplicativity gives all four. The two-isogeny formula companion has only positive candidate classes ; realizes and realizes . Thus both images have order four, and the two-isogeny rank formula gives . The rank of an elliptic curve is therefore two, without any unresolved covering class.
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