Let be independent and identically distributed random variables with mean and variance , and put , . Define the polygonal interpolation
with the endpoint . The Donsker invariance principle states
where is standard one-dimensional Brownian motion and the arrow denotes weak convergence of probability measures on this path space. Equivalently, the step interpolation converges in the Skorokhod space with its topology. The continuous interpolation version is sufficient for the maximum in part (c).