The source-filter model of speech production represents a speech sound as an acoustic source shaped by a filter describing the vocal tract. During voiced speech, vibration of the vocal folds supplies a roughly periodic source; constrictions can also generate noise. The tract's resonances emphasize particular frequency regions called formants.[ref]
Source-filter synthesis in the Praat Manual by Paul Boersma. The source-filter theory of speech production; attribution to the 1960 acoustic theory
Paul Boersma credits Gunnar Fant's 1960 account as the theoretical basis of this construction.[ref]
Source-filter synthesis in the Praat Manual by Paul Boersma. Section 1 and linked Fant (1960) bibliographic entry
In a simplified linear model, output spectrum is , where describes the source and the tract's transfer function. Keeping the source fixed while changing the filter can change vowel quality without changing the source's fundamental repetition rate. The Praat tutorial makes this test concrete by constructing a source signal and a formant filter separately, then combining them. The model's separation is an approximation; real sources and tracts can interact.[ref]
Source-filter synthesis in the Praat Manual by Paul Boersma. Filtering a source: independent source and FormantGrid construction and filtering
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