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A neuroanatomist whose historical observations helped associate left frontal injury with impaired articulate speech. Their interpretation is reassessed by modern lesion imaging.^[ref]

Analysis of a speech signal in terms of the sound structure relevant to language. Auditory discrimination, mapping sounds to words and access to meaning impose distinguishable demands.

A clinical syndrome with progressive language impairment as the principal initial problem. Detailed profiles distinguish loss of word meaning, motor speech difficulty, agrammatism and phonological-memory demands; a syndrome label is not a unique anatomical lesion or molecular pathology.

A striatal nucleus participating in motor and learning-related circuits. Its interaction with cortical timing systems is relevant to hypotheses about fluent speech, but a connectivity difference does not by itself establish a cause of stuttering.

Studies auditory cognition, including speech and pitch processing.

A progressive syndrome with deterioration of conceptual knowledge, often accompanied by fluent speech, anomia and poor word comprehension. Nonverbal semantic tests are important for distinguishing broad conceptual impairment from an isolated language-output problem.^[ref]

A natural language using structured visual-manual and other bodily signals. Sign languages have phonological organisation, meaning and syntax; they are not universal pantomime or merely a manual transcription of speech.

Studies speech motor control and childhood stuttering.

Spoken-language production and perception, involving acoustic, phonological, articulatory and higher-level information. Speech repetition and comprehension place different demands on these interacting processes.

A disorder of speech fluency involving disruptions such as repetitions, prolongations or blocks. Proposed timing and motor-control mechanisms must account for variability across conditions and development; brain differences measured after onset can include consequences or compensation.

Temporal and temporofrontal systems supporting transformations from speech signals toward lexical and conceptual interpretation. Models differ on the precise anatomy and levels of representation included; bilateral speech analysis is compatible with stronger lateralization of some higher-level operations.

A fluent aphasic syndrome in which comprehension, repetition and informative speech can all be impaired. Acoustic–phonological analysis, semantic representations and semantic control must be distinguished; receptive difficulty does not imply preserved production.^[ref]